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The laws and regulations prescribed a tabular form for the civil records. As we know today, the health and economic achievements of families depend to a great extent on the literacy of the mothers. Perhaps Emperor Joseph II should be thanked for some of the growth of the Jewish population, and the economic and academic success of 19th-century European Jewry. Unfortunately, not all public records can be categorized clearly, and not all are easily legible. At the beginning of the 19th century especially, some rabbis were only partially literate in German. Some dates are given in Gregorian form, others are written in Hebrew letters, and some appear as the name of the Torah portion recited on the Sabbath following the event recorded.
Throughout the Middle Ages, European Jews enjoyed almost autonomous family law, set by Jewish tradition rather than the state. One paragraph is devoted to each individual specific vital event. Civil records written in journal style sometimes are organized by year; a section for births is followed by one each for marriages and deaths.
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Nineteenth-century civil records for the Jews in Southern Germany are an invaluable source of information for the serious Jewish genealogist. Despite the many variations in type, structure, and appearance of Jewish civil records in southern Germany, they also share many common features. Civil records from Pforzheim to Pfersee, in fact from Bremen to Bukowina, are both very similar and also quite different.
Typically, at the end of a volume, the author of the records created alphabetical indexes of births, marriages, and deaths by page and/or item number. Depending on how well the rabbi did know German, the initial death record also may have been written in Hebrew, with the date given in both Hebrew and Gregorian notation. Fischach, Bavaria, is one example, where a family book was kept until 1942. Unlike vital records and name adoption lists that document specific events, the Matrikel , another document of value to genealogists, recorded a family’s composition at a certain point in time or, sometimes, over extended periods. Mostly, however, the column categories and their order are somewhat idiosyncratic, reflecting local customs and the record keepers’ preferences.
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Family and given names of the principal person and the actual date of the event always appear, but not necessarily in a consistent order. The recording of some specific information was prescribed by the authorities. Separate ledger style record books extending over many years were kept by type of event. Most Jewish genealogists researching their European ancestry eventually confront 19th-century civil records, but the variety of types and forms of such documents may be confusing. In addition, Jewish civil records vary somewhat from those of their Gentile neighbors. To make sense of the content of Jewish civil records, researchers need to understand the structure, history, legal basis, and fate of the records.
When issued, certificates usually were additional to register entries. Birth, marriage, and death registers generally followed the same style within a given community or region. Typically, registers were maintained by the rabbi in those communities that could afford one. In the absence of a resident rabbi, a Jewish parochial school teacher or a community leader was responsible for keeping the register.
Name adoption lists from Baden were collected by the genealogist and historian Berthold Rosenthal and now are housed at the Leo Baeck Institute in New York. Name adoption lists are being transcribed by Wolfgang Fritsche and are available on the Internet at www.a-h-b.de/ AHB/links_e.htm. These laws applied initially not only to Austria proper but also to Bavaria, Bohemia, Galicia, Moravia, and other parts of the Hapsburg Empire.
This article focuses on Jewish records from Bavaria and Wuerttemberg, but much of its content applies also to other areas in Germany and Austria. Extant Jewish civil records typically cover the period 1780 to 1876. After 1876, civil records were no longer kept separately by religion but became the responsibility of the state authorities. Depending on the jurisdiction, some headings were compulsory, while others were optional. With some exceptions, Jewish records tend to follow the outline generally prescribed for the Gentile records. These lists show the old, patronymic name in one column and the new civil name in the second column.
In contrast to records in journal style, many jurisdictions preferred or prescribed that civil records be kept in ledger style. Figure 3, shown on the next page, is an example of a ledger record. Visit Alibaba.com to check out distinct varieties of robust and proficient triple h mobile home that are used for commercial shipping and prefab house making requirements. These durable and strong triple h mobile home are not only perfect for long-lasting performances but are also aesthetically very appealing when used for making prefab houses. These outstanding quality triple h mobile home are also ideal options for shipping large products to different parts of the globe. You can purchase these items from leading suppliers and wholesalers on the site for spectacular prices and deals.
Although most original Jewish civil records from the 19th century appear lost, microfilmed copies of many of them survived in the Leipzig and Gatermann films. Baden-Wuerttemberg and some Bavarian records are accessible online. Most can be found in the respective state and district archives. Many records are also available at CAHJP and from the Family History Library.25 The detailed date span for Jewish civil records varies from community to community and often even by life event. Learning to read Gothic Current script takes a few days practice using easily available aids, but is well worth the effort.
The same is true of Cohn, Cohen, and Kahn; Schnaddicher and Schnaittacher, and Buttenwieser and Buddewiser are used interchangeably. In the second half of the 19th century, the desire for assimilation led some German Jews to change their given names from biblical or other, typically Jewish names to names they regarded as more elegant alternatives. Sometimes the old and new names alliterated, but often they did not. Prior to about 1830, records were written with quill pens. While they had a somewhat idiosyncratic ink flow, quills made it easy to identify the direction of the stroke.
In addition to the original registers kept by the rabbis, a second copy, kept by the local pastor of the dominant local church, commonly existed. These were copied, usually once a year, from the rabbi’s original. Many of the second copies kept by pastors still exist. Frequently, the clergy possessed superior penmanship, at least during the first half of the century. Sometimes a pastor would alter a Jewish-sounding given name to a more German form in his copy.
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